Loosened restrictions for concatenation - It's okay if one of the

elements is missing

compile.go

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 	// Also check for non-capturing groups. The LPAREN of a non-capturing group looks like this: '(?:'
 	// I take this out, and put in a special character - NONCAPLPAREN_CHAR.
 	//
+	// Another check is made for unescaped brackets - opening brackets are replaced with LBRACKET and closing brackets are replaced with RBRACKET.
 	// Finally, check for escaped backslashes. Replace these with the BACKSLASH metacharacter. Later, in thompson(),
 	// these will be converted back. This avoids confusiuon in detecting whether a character is escaped eg. detecting
 	// whether '\\[a]' has an escaped opening bracket (it doesn't).
@@ -122,6 +123,12 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 		} else if c == '\\' && i < len(re_runes_orig)-1 && re_runes_orig[i+1] == '\\' { // Escaped backslash
 			re_runes = append(re_runes, ESC_BACKSLASH)
 			i++
+		} else if c == '[' && (i == 0 || re_runes[len(re_runes)-1] != '\\') {
+			re_runes = append(re_runes, LBRACKET)
+			continue
+		} else if c == ']' && (i == 0 || re_runes[len(re_runes)-1] != '\\') {
+			re_runes = append(re_runes, RBRACKET)
+			continue
 		} else {
 			re_runes = append(re_runes, c)
 		}
@@ -141,39 +148,28 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 	i := 0
 	for i < len(re_runes) {
 		re_postfix = append(re_postfix, re_runes[i])
-		if re_runes[i] == '[' && (i == 0 || re_runes[i-1] != '\\') { // We do not touch things inside brackets, unless they are escaped. Inside this block, the only task is to expand character ranges into their constituent characters.
-			re_postfix[len(re_postfix)-1] = LBRACKET         // Replace the '[' character with LBRACKET. This allows for easier parsing of all characters (including opening and closing brackets) within the character class
-			toAppend := make([]rune, 0)                      // Holds all the runes in the current character class
-			if i < len(re_runes)-1 && re_runes[i+1] == '^' { // Inverting class - match everything NOT in brackets
-				re_postfix = append(re_postfix, '^')
-				i++ // Skip opening bracket and caret
+		if re_runes[i] == LBRACKET && (i == 0 || re_runes[i-1] != '\\') { // We do not touch things inside brackets, unless they are escaped.
+			toAppend := make([]rune, 0) // Holds all the runes in the current character class
+
+			i++                     // Skip past LBRACKET, because it was already added
+			if i >= len(re_runes) { // Sanity check before we start
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Opening bracket without closing bracket.")
 			}
-			if i < len(re_runes)-1 && re_runes[i+1] == ']' { // Nothing inside brackets - panic.
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Empty character class.")
-			}
-			for re_runes[i] != ']' || i == 0 || re_runes[i-1] == '\\' {
-				i++ // Skip all characters inside _unescaped_ brackets (we are _not_ at a closing bracket, or if we are, the previous character is a backslash)
-				// TODO: Check for escaped characters
 
-				// Check ahead for character range
-				if i < len(re_runes)-2 && re_runes[i+1] == '-' {
-					rangeStart := re_runes[i]
-					rangeEnd := re_runes[i+2]
-					if int(rangeEnd) < int(rangeStart) {
-						return nil, fmt.Errorf("Range is out of order.")
-					}
+			for re_runes[i] != RBRACKET || i == 0 || re_runes[i-1] == '\\' { // Skip all characters inside _unescaped_ brackets (we are _not_ at a closing bracket, or if we are, the previous character is a backslash)
+				// Make sure we haven't exceeded the length of the string. If we did, then the regex doesn't actually have a closing bracket and we should throw an error.
+				if i >= len(re_runes) {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("Opening bracket without closing bracket.")
+				}
 
-					for i := rangeStart; i <= rangeEnd; i++ {
-						toAppend = append(toAppend, i)
-					}
-
-					i += 2 // Skip start and hyphen (end will automatically be skipped on next iteration of loop)
-					continue
+				if re_runes[i] == '-' && (i > 0 && re_runes[i-1] != '\\') && (i < len(re_runes)-1 && re_runes[i+1] != RBRACKET) { // Unescaped hyphen, that has some character (not a RBRACKET) after it - This represents a character range, so we replace with CHAR_RANGE. This metacharacter will be used later on to construct the range
+					re_runes[i] = CHAR_RANGE
 				}
 				toAppend = append(toAppend, re_runes[i])
+				i++
 			}
-			// Replace the last character (which should have been ']', with RBRACKET
-			toAppend[len(toAppend)-1] = RBRACKET
+			// Add in the RBRACKET
+			toAppend = append(toAppend, RBRACKET)
 			re_postfix = append(re_postfix, toAppend...)
 		}
 		if i < len(re_runes) && re_runes[i] == '{' && (i > 0 && re_runes[i-1] != '\\') { // We don't touch things inside braces, either
@@ -280,7 +276,7 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 		6. If current character is '{', find the appropriate numeric specifier (range start, range end). Apply the range to the postfixNode at the end of outQueue.
 		*/
 		c := re_postfix[i]
-		if isNormalChar(c) {
+		if isNormalChar(c) || isSpecialCharWithMetacharReplacement(c) {
 			if caseInsensitive {
 				outQueue = append(outQueue, newPostfixNode(allCases(c)...))
 			} else {
@@ -288,7 +284,18 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 			}
 			continue
 		}
-		// Escape character
+		// Since every unescaped bracket is replaced by a LBRACKET / RBRACKET, there may
+		// have been false positives. For example, the regex ']' has a closing bracket, but it
+		// isn't denoting a character class; it's just a regular character. Since it's not escaped,
+		// though, I would have converted this into an RBRACKET.
+		// To deal with this, I make the following assertion:
+		// 	If at any point I see an RBRACKET 'in the wild' (not in a character class), then it must be
+		// 	a regular character, with no special significance.
+		if c == RBRACKET {
+			outQueue = append(outQueue, newPostfixCharNode(']'))
+			continue
+		}
+
 		if c == '\\' { // Escape character - invert special and non-special characters eg. \( is treated as a literal parentheses, \b is treated as word boundary
 			if i == len(re_postfix)-1 { // End of string - panic, because backslash is an escape character (something needs to come after it)
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("ERROR: Backslash with no escape character.")
@@ -420,7 +427,13 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 			}
 		}
 		if c == LBRACKET { // Used for character classes
-			i++ // Step forward so we can look at the character class
+			firstCharAdded := false // A character class must have at least 1 character. This flag checks if the first character has been added.
+			endOfRange := false     // Set to 'true' when we encounter a CHAR_RANGE metacharacter
+			i++                     // Step forward so we can look at the character class
+			//  Oops, there's nothing there to look at
+			if i >= len(re_postfix) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Opening bracket with no closing bracket.")
+			}
 			var invertMatch bool
 			if re_postfix[i] == '^' {
 				invertMatch = true
@@ -428,9 +441,14 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 			}
 			chars := make([]postfixNode, 0) // List of nodes - used only for character classes
 			for i < len(re_postfix) {
-				if re_postfix[i] == RBRACKET {
+				if firstCharAdded && re_postfix[i] == RBRACKET {
 					break
 				}
+				if re_postfix[i] == CHAR_RANGE {
+					endOfRange = true
+					i++
+					continue
+				}
 				if re_postfix[i] == '\\' { // Backslash indicates a character to be escaped
 					if i == len(re_postfix)-1 {
 						return nil, fmt.Errorf("Stray backslash in character class.")
@@ -483,13 +501,54 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 						i++
 					}
 				} else {
+					if !firstCharAdded && re_postfix[i] > 0xF0000 { // It's a metacharacter that I defined, I'll have to convert it back to the regular character before adding it back, because I haven't added any characters yet. For example, '[[]', the second LBRACKET should be treated like a literal bracket.
+						switch re_postfix[i] {
+						case LBRACKET:
+							chars = append(chars, newPostfixCharNode('['))
+						case RBRACKET:
+							chars = append(chars, newPostfixCharNode(']'))
+						default:
+							return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error parsing high-range unicode value in character class.")
+						}
+					}
 					chars = append(chars, newPostfixCharNode(re_postfix[i]))
 					i++
 				}
+				firstCharAdded = true
+
+				if endOfRange { // The previous character was an unescaped hyphen, which (in the context of a character class) means the character that was last appended is the end of a character range
+					// Things to note:
+					// 	1. In PCRE and Go's regex engine, a letter _can_ be surrounded by hyphens in a character class.
+					// 		Eg. [a-b-c]
+					// 		While you might think this leads to a syntax error (I thought so), the engine picks 'a-b' as a range,
+					// 		then treats the second '-' and 'c' as regular characters in the character class.
+					// 		So this regex becomes "Match a character from 'a' to 'b', a literal hyphen, or 'c' ".
+					//  2. To account for this, the following logic is followed:
+					// 		a. If the second-to-last postfixNode ie. the start of the range has only one element, then we are in a range.
+					// 			i. If it has more than one element, then we are actually looking at a literal hyphen, and we will treat is as such.
+					// 		   ii. If either the start or end of the range don't exist in 'chars' ie. something like [-a] or [a-], then too will we treat it as a literal hyphen.
+					// 		b. The last postfixNode added to 'chars' _must_ only have one character (because it's the end of the range).
+					endRangePostfixNode, err1 := pop(&chars)
+					startRangePostfixNode, err2 := pop(&chars)
+
+					if (err1 != nil || err2 != nil) || len(startRangePostfixNode.contents) != 1 { // Treat it as a regular hyphen
+						chars = append(chars, startRangePostfixNode, newPostfixCharNode('-'), endRangePostfixNode)
+					} else if len(endRangePostfixNode.contents) != 1 { // I don't even know what this would look like, this is just a sanity check
+						return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error parsing character range.")
+					} else {
+						// We have established that they both have a length of 1
+						startRangeRune := startRangePostfixNode.contents[0]
+						endRangeRune := endRangePostfixNode.contents[0]
+						chars = append(chars, newPostfixCharNode(genRange(startRangeRune, endRangeRune+1)...))
+					}
+
+					endOfRange = false // Reset the flag
+				}
 			}
 			if i == len(re_postfix) { // We have reached the end of the string, so we didn't encounter a closing brakcet. Panic.
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Opening bracket without closing bracket.")
 			}
+
 			outQueue = append(outQueue, newCharClassNode(chars, invertMatch))
 			continue
 		}
@@ -599,6 +658,21 @@ func shuntingYard(re string, flags ...ReFlag) ([]postfixNode, error) {
 func thompson(re []postfixNode) (Reg, error) {
 	nfa := make([]*State, 0) // Stack of states
 	numGroups := 0           // Number of capturing groups
+
+	// If thompson() receives an empty regex, then whatever was given to shuntingYard()
+	// was parsed away. This doesn't mean that the regex itself is empty.
+	// For example, it could have been '(?:)'. This is an empty non-capturing group. Since
+	// shuntingYard() doesn't include non-capturing groups in its output (and the group contains
+	// nothing), the output of shuntingYard() (and the input to thompson()) ends up being empty.
+	// In these cases, we will return an NFA with 1 state, with an assertion that is always true.
+	if len(re) == 0 {
+		start := newState()
+		start.content = newContents(EPSILON)
+		start.isEmpty = true
+		start.assert = ALWAYS_TRUE
+		nfa = append(nfa, &start)
+	}
+
 	for _, c := range re {
 		if c.nodetype == CHARACTER || c.nodetype == ASSERTION {
 			state := State{}
@@ -681,8 +755,7 @@ func thompson(re []postfixNode) (Reg, error) {
 
 			// Replace ESC_BACKSLASH with actual backslash, so that we can actually check if we encounter it
 			replaceByValue([]int(state.content), int(ESC_BACKSLASH), '\\')
-			// Uncommenting this seems to make one of the test cases fail. Why?
-			//			replaceByValue(state.except, ESC_BACKSLASH, '\\')
+			replaceByValue(state.except, ESC_BACKSLASH, '\\')
 
 			nfa = append(nfa, &state)
 		}
@@ -706,15 +779,36 @@ func thompson(re []postfixNode) (Reg, error) {
 			// and then some other node.
 			// These three nodes (LPAREN, the middle node and RPAREN) are extracted together, concatenated
 			// and added back in.
+			// If the middle node doesn't exist (ie. something like '()' ), that's fine, I just connect the LPAREN
+			// and RPAREN nodes.
+			// If neither node exists, that's a problem so I return an error.
 			if c.nodetype == RPAREN {
 				s.groupEnd = true
-				middleNode := mustPop(&nfa)
-				lparenNode := mustPop(&nfa)
-				s.groupNum = lparenNode.groupNum
-				tmp := concatenate(lparenNode, middleNode)
-				to_add := concatenate(tmp, s)
-				nfa = append(nfa, to_add)
-
+				middleNode, err1 := pop(&nfa)
+				lparenNode, err2 := pop(&nfa)
+				if err1 != nil && err2 != nil {
+					return Reg{}, fmt.Errorf("Imbalanced parentheses.")
+				} else if err2 != nil { // There was no third node. ie. something like '()'
+					lparenNode = middleNode
+					if lparenNode.groupBegin != true { // There are only two nodes, but the first one isn't an LPAREN.
+						return Reg{}, fmt.Errorf("Imbalanced parentheses.")
+					}
+					s.groupNum = lparenNode.groupNum
+					to_add := concatenate(lparenNode, s)
+					nfa = append(nfa, to_add)
+				} else {
+					// At this point, we assume all three nodes are valid ('lparenNode', 'middleNode' and 's')
+					if lparenNode.groupBegin {
+						s.groupNum = lparenNode.groupNum
+					} else if middleNode.groupBegin { // Something like 'a()'
+						s.groupNum = middleNode.groupNum
+					} else { // A middleNode and lparenNode exist, but neither is actually an LPAREN.
+						return Reg{}, fmt.Errorf("Imbalanced parentheses.")
+					}
+					tmp := concatenate(lparenNode, middleNode)
+					to_add := concatenate(tmp, s)
+					nfa = append(nfa, to_add)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		if c.nodetype == CHARCLASS { // A Character class consists of all the nodes in it, alternated
@@ -734,9 +828,16 @@ func thompson(re []postfixNode) (Reg, error) {
 		switch c.nodetype {
 		case CONCATENATE:
 			s2 := mustPop(&nfa)
-			s1 := mustPop(&nfa)
-			s1 = concatenate(s1, s2)
-			nfa = append(nfa, s1)
+			// Relax the requirements for concatenation a little bit - If
+			// the second element is not found ie. the postfixNodes look
+			// like 'a~', then that's fine, we just skip the concatenation.
+			s1, err := pop(&nfa)
+			if err != nil {
+				nfa = append(nfa, s2)
+			} else {
+				s1 = concatenate(s1, s2)
+				nfa = append(nfa, s1)
+			}
 		case KLEENE: // Create a 0-state, concat the popped state after it, concat the 0-state after the popped state
 			s1 := mustPop(&nfa)
 			stateToAdd := kleene(*s1)

misc.go

@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ var LPAREN_CHAR rune = 0xF0004 // Parentheses in regex are concatenated with thi
 var RPAREN_CHAR rune = 0xF0005
 var NONCAPLPAREN_CHAR rune = 0xF0006 // Represents a non-capturing group's LPAREN
 var ESC_BACKSLASH rune = 0xF0007     // Represents an escaped backslash
+var CHAR_RANGE rune = 0xF0008        // Represents a character range
+
+var specialChars = []rune{'?', '*', '\\', '^', '$', '{', '}', '(', ')', '[', ']', '+', '|', '.', '~', '<', '>', LBRACKET, RBRACKET, NONCAPLPAREN_CHAR}
+
+// An interface for int and rune, which are identical
+type character interface {
+	int | rune
+}
 
 // Returns true if str[idx] and str[idx-1] are separated by a word boundary.
 func isWordBoundary(str []rune, idx int) bool {
@@ -26,9 +34,17 @@ func isWordBoundary(str []rune, idx int) bool {
 	return wbounded
 }
 
+func isSpecialChar(c rune) bool {
+	return slices.Contains(specialChars, c)
+
+}
+
+// Some special characters have metacharacter replacements. These characters, when encountered in their literal form, can be treated as regular characters.
+func isSpecialCharWithMetacharReplacement(c rune) bool {
+	return slices.Contains([]rune{'[', ']'}, c)
+}
+
 func isNormalChar(c rune) bool {
-	specialChars := []rune(`?*\^${}()+|[].~<>`)
-	specialChars = append(specialChars, LBRACKET, RBRACKET, NONCAPLPAREN_CHAR)
 	return !slices.Contains(specialChars, c)
 }
 
@@ -109,8 +125,8 @@ func Reduce[T any](slc []T, fn func(T, T) T) T {
 }
 
 // Generate numbers in a range - start (inclusive) to end (exclusive)
-func genRange(start, end int) []int {
-	toRet := make([]int, end-start)
+func genRange[T character](start, end T) []T {
+	toRet := make([]T, end-start)
 	for i := start; i < end; i++ {
 		toRet[i-start] = i
 	}

nfa.go

@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ const (
 	EOS
 	WBOUND
 	NONWBOUND
-	PLA // Positive lookahead
-	NLA // Negative lookahead
-	PLB // Positive lookbehind
-	NLB // Negative lookbehind
+	PLA         // Positive lookahead
+	NLA         // Negative lookahead
+	PLB         // Positive lookbehind
+	NLB         // Negative lookbehind
+	ALWAYS_TRUE // An assertion that is always true
 )
 
 type State struct {
@@ -103,6 +104,9 @@ func cloneStateHelper(state *State, cloneMap map[*State]*State) *State {
 // Checks if the given state's assertion is true. Returns true if the given
 // state doesn't have an assertion.
 func (s State) checkAssertion(str []rune, idx int) bool {
+	if s.assert == ALWAYS_TRUE {
+		return true
+	}
 	if s.assert == SOS {
 		return idx == 0
 	}

postfixNode.go

@@ -116,6 +116,13 @@ func newEscapedNode(c rune, inCharClass bool) (postfixNode, error) {
 	case 'v': // Vertical tab
 		toReturn.nodetype = CHARACTER
 		toReturn.contents = append(toReturn.contents, rune(11))
+	case '-': // Literal hyphen - only in character class
+		if inCharClass {
+			toReturn.nodetype = CHARACTER
+			toReturn.contents = append(toReturn.contents, '-')
+		} else {
+			return postfixNode{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid escape character.")
+		}
 	default: // None of the above - append it as a regular character
 		if isNormalChar(c) { // Normal characters cannot be escaped
 			return postfixNode{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid escape character.")

re_test.go

@@ -1,221 +1,312 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"slices"
 	"testing"
 )
 
 var reTests = []struct {
 	re     string
+	flags  []ReFlag
 	str    string
 	result []Group // Stores all zero-groups in the match
 }{
-	{"a", "abc", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{"a", "bca", []Group{{2, 3}}},
-	{"l", "ggllgg", []Group{{2, 3}, {3, 4}}},
-	{"(b|c)", "abdceb", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}},
-	{"a+", "brerereraaaaabbbbb", []Group{{8, 13}}},
-	{"ab+", "qweqweqweaqweqweabbbbbr", []Group{{16, 22}}},
-	{"(b|c|A)", "ooaoobocA", []Group{{5, 6}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}}},
-	{"ab*", "a", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{"ab*", "abb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"a*b", "aaab", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{"a*b", "qwqw", []Group{}},
-	{"(abc)*", "abcabcabc", []Group{{0, 9}, {9, 9}}},
-	{"((abc)|(def))*", "abcdef", []Group{{0, 6}, {6, 6}}},
-	{"(abc)*|(def)*", "abcdef", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 6}, {6, 6}}},
-	{"b*a*a", "bba", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"(ab)+", "abcabddd", []Group{{0, 2}, {3, 5}}},
-	{"a(b(c|d)*)*", "abccbd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"a(b|c)*d+", "abccdd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"a*", "", []Group{{0, 0}}},
-	{"a|b", "c", []Group{}},
-	{"(a|b)*c", "aabbc", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"a(b|b)", "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"a*", "aaaaaaaa", []Group{{0, 8}, {8, 8}}},
+	{"a", nil, "abc", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{"a", nil, "bca", []Group{{2, 3}}},
+	{"l", nil, "ggllgg", []Group{{2, 3}, {3, 4}}},
+	{"(b|c)", nil, "abdceb", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}},
+	{"a+", nil, "brerereraaaaabbbbb", []Group{{8, 13}}},
+	{"ab+", nil, "qweqweqweaqweqweabbbbbr", []Group{{16, 22}}},
+	{"(b|c|A)", nil, "ooaoobocA", []Group{{5, 6}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}}},
+	{"ab*", nil, "a", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{"ab*", nil, "abb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"a*b", nil, "aaab", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{"a*b", nil, "qwqw", []Group{}},
+	{"(abc)*", nil, "abcabcabc", []Group{{0, 9}, {9, 9}}},
+	{"((abc)|(def))*", nil, "abcdef", []Group{{0, 6}, {6, 6}}},
+	{"(abc)*|(def)*", nil, "abcdef", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 6}, {6, 6}}},
+	{"b*a*a", nil, "bba", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"(ab)+", nil, "abcabddd", []Group{{0, 2}, {3, 5}}},
+	{"a(b(c|d)*)*", nil, "abccbd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"a(b|c)*d+", nil, "abccdd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"a*", nil, "", []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{"a|b", nil, "c", []Group{}},
+	{"(a|b)*c", nil, "aabbc", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"a(b|b)", nil, "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"a*", nil, "aaaaaaaa", []Group{{0, 8}, {8, 8}}},
 
-	{"ab?", "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"a?b", "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"a?", "", []Group{{0, 0}}},
-	{"a?b?c", "a", []Group{}},
-	{"a?b?c?", "ab", []Group{{0, 2}, {2, 2}}},
-	{"a?b?c?", "ac", []Group{{0, 2}, {2, 2}}},
-	{"a?b?c", "abc", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"a?b?c", "acb", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"ab?", nil, "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"a?b", nil, "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"a?", nil, "", []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{"a?b?c", nil, "a", []Group{}},
+	{"a?b?c?", nil, "ab", []Group{{0, 2}, {2, 2}}},
+	{"a?b?c?", nil, "ac", []Group{{0, 2}, {2, 2}}},
+	{"a?b?c", nil, "abc", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"a?b?c", nil, "acb", []Group{{0, 2}}},
 
-	{"[abc]", "defadefbdefce", []Group{{3, 4}, {7, 8}, {11, 12}}},
-	{"[ab]c", "ab", []Group{}},
-	{"g[ab]c", "gac", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"g[ab]c", "gbc", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"g[ab]c", "gc", []Group{}},
-	{"g[ab]c", "gfc", []Group{}},
-	{"[ab]*", "aabbbabaababab", []Group{{0, 14}, {14, 14}}},
-	{"[ab]+", "aabbbablaababab", []Group{{0, 7}, {8, 15}}},
-	{"[Ff]r[Uu]it", "fruit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"[Ff]r[Uu]it", "FrUit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"[Ff]r[Uu|]it", "Fr|it", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"[Ff]r([Uu]|[pP])it", "Frpit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"[Ff]r[Uu]|[pP]it", "Frpit", []Group{{2, 5}}},
-	{"[a-zA-Z]+", "Hello, how is it going?", []Group{{0, 5}, {7, 10}, {11, 13}, {14, 16}, {17, 22}}},
+	{"[abc]", nil, "defadefbdefce", []Group{{3, 4}, {7, 8}, {11, 12}}},
+	{"[ab]c", nil, "ab", []Group{}},
+	{"g[ab]c", nil, "gac", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"g[ab]c", nil, "gbc", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"g[ab]c", nil, "gc", []Group{}},
+	{"g[ab]c", nil, "gfc", []Group{}},
+	{"[ab]*", nil, "aabbbabaababab", []Group{{0, 14}, {14, 14}}},
+	{"[ab]+", nil, "aabbbablaababab", []Group{{0, 7}, {8, 15}}},
+	{"[Ff]r[Uu]it", nil, "fruit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"[Ff]r[Uu]it", nil, "FrUit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"[Ff]r[Uu|]it", nil, "Fr|it", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"[Ff]r([Uu]|[pP])it", nil, "Frpit", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"[Ff]r[Uu]|[pP]it", nil, "Frpit", []Group{{2, 5}}},
+	{"[a-zA-Z]+", nil, "Hello, how is it going?", []Group{{0, 5}, {7, 10}, {11, 13}, {14, 16}, {17, 22}}},
 
-	{".+", "Hello, how is it going?", []Group{{0, 23}}},
-	{"a.", "a ", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"a.b", "a/b", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{".", "a ", []Group{{0, 1}, {1, 2}}},
-	{"a.", "a ", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{".+b", "abc", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{".+", nil, "Hello, how is it going?", []Group{{0, 23}}},
+	{"a.", nil, "a ", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"a.b", nil, "a/b", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{".", nil, "a ", []Group{{0, 1}, {1, 2}}},
+	{"a.", nil, "a ", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{".+b", nil, "abc", []Group{{0, 2}}},
 
-	{`\d`, "1a0a3s'''34343s", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}, {9, 10}, {10, 11}, {11, 12}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}}},
-	{`\\`, `a\b\c\qwe\`, []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {9, 10}}},
-	{`\W`, `"Hello", he said. How are you doing?`, []Group{{0, 1}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {11, 12}, {16, 17}, {17, 18}, {21, 22}, {25, 26}, {29, 30}, {35, 36}}},
-	{`\w`, ";';';';';'qwe12", []Group{{10, 11}, {11, 12}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}, {14, 15}}},
-	{`\s`, "a b c 	d", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}}},
-	{`\<`, "<HTML><body>", []Group{{0, 1}, {6, 7}}},
-	{`\(.+\)`, "Not (paranthesized), (so) is (this) not", []Group{{4, 35}}},
+	{`\d`, nil, "1a0a3s'''34343s", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}, {9, 10}, {10, 11}, {11, 12}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}}},
+	{`\\`, nil, `a\b\c\qwe\`, []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {9, 10}}},
+	{`\W`, nil, `"Hello", he said. How are you doing?`, []Group{{0, 1}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {11, 12}, {16, 17}, {17, 18}, {21, 22}, {25, 26}, {29, 30}, {35, 36}}},
+	{`\w`, nil, ";';';';';'qwe12", []Group{{10, 11}, {11, 12}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}, {14, 15}}},
+	{`\s`, nil, "a b c 	d", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}}},
+	{`\<`, nil, "<HTML><body>", []Group{{0, 1}, {6, 7}}},
+	{`\(.+\)`, nil, "Not (paranthesized), (so) is (this) not", []Group{{4, 35}}},
 
-	{"[^abc]+", "qarbtopsaplpclkpasdmb prejip0r,p", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 8}, {9, 12}, {13, 16}, {17, 20}, {21, 32}}},
-	{"[^a]+", "qqqaq", []Group{{0, 3}, {4, 5}}},
-	{"[^0-9]+", "a1b2c3dd", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}, {6, 8}}},
-	{"[^abc]+", "ababababbababaccacacacaca", []Group{}},
-	{`\[`, "a[b[c[]]]", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}},
-	{`\([^)]+\)`, "Not (paranthesized), (so) is (this) not", []Group{{4, 19}, {21, 25}, {29, 35}}},
+	{"[^abc]+", nil, "qarbtopsaplpclkpasdmb prejip0r,p", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 8}, {9, 12}, {13, 16}, {17, 20}, {21, 32}}},
+	{"[^a]+", nil, "qqqaq", []Group{{0, 3}, {4, 5}}},
+	{"[^0-9]+", nil, "a1b2c3dd", []Group{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}, {6, 8}}},
+	{"[^abc]+", nil, "ababababbababaccacacacaca", []Group{}},
+	{`\[`, nil, "a[b[c[]]]", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}},
+	{`\([^)]+\)`, nil, "Not (paranthesized), (so) is (this) not", []Group{{4, 19}, {21, 25}, {29, 35}}},
 
-	{"^ab", "ab bab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"^aaaa^", "aaaaaaaa", []Group{}},
-	{"^([bB][Gg])", "bG", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"b$", "ba", []Group{}},
-	{"(boy|girl)$", "girlf", []Group{}},
-	{`\bint\b`, "print int integer", []Group{{6, 9}}},
-	{`int\b`, "ints", []Group{}},
-	{`int(\b|a)`, "inta", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{`\b\d+\b`, "511 a3 43", []Group{{0, 3}, {7, 9}}},
-	{`\Bint\B`, "prints int integer print", []Group{{2, 5}}},
-	{`^`, "5^3^2", []Group{{0, 0}}},
-	{`\^`, "5^3^2", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}}},
-	{`pool$`, "pool carpool", []Group{{8, 12}}},
-	{`^int$`, "print int integer", []Group{}},
-	{`^int$`, "int", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{`b*`, "aaaaaaaaaaqweqwe", []Group{{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}, {12, 12}, {13, 13}, {14, 14}, {15, 15}, {16, 16}}},
+	{"^ab", nil, "ab bab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"^aaaa^", nil, "aaaaaaaa", []Group{}},
+	{"^([bB][Gg])", nil, "bG", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"b$", nil, "ba", []Group{}},
+	{"(boy|girl)$", nil, "girlf", []Group{}},
+	{`\bint\b`, nil, "print int integer", []Group{{6, 9}}},
+	{`int\b`, nil, "ints", []Group{}},
+	{`int(\b|a)`, nil, "inta", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`\b\d+\b`, nil, "511 a3 43", []Group{{0, 3}, {7, 9}}},
+	{`\Bint\B`, nil, "prints int integer print", []Group{{2, 5}}},
+	{`^`, nil, "5^3^2", []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{`\^`, nil, "5^3^2", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}}},
+	{`pool$`, nil, "pool carpool", []Group{{8, 12}}},
+	{`^int$`, nil, "print int integer", []Group{}},
+	{`^int$`, nil, "int", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`b*`, nil, "aaaaaaaaaaqweqwe", []Group{{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}, {12, 12}, {13, 13}, {14, 14}, {15, 15}, {16, 16}}},
 
-	{"a{4}", "aabaaa", []Group{}},
-	{"ab{5}", "abbbbbab", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"(a|b){3,4}", "aba", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"(a|b){3,4}", "ababaa", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{"(bc){5,}", "bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc", []Group{{0, 16}}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "1209", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "109", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "5", []Group{}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "123135", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "89a-0", []Group{}},
-	{`\d{3,4}`, "ababab555", []Group{{6, 9}}},
-	{`\bpaint\b`, "paints", []Group{}},
-	{`\b\w{5}\b`, "paint", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{`[^\w]`, "abcdef1230[]qq';;'", []Group{{10, 11}, {11, 12}, {14, 15}, {15, 16}, {16, 17}, {17, 18}}},
-	{`[^\W]`, "abcdef1230[]qq';;'", []Group{{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {9, 10}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}}},
-	{`[\[\]]`, "a[b[l]]", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}}},
+	{"a{4}", nil, "aabaaa", []Group{}},
+	{"ab{5}", nil, "abbbbbab", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"(a|b){3,4}", nil, "aba", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"(a|b){3,4}", nil, "ababaa", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{"(bc){5,}", nil, "bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc", []Group{{0, 16}}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "1209", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "109", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "5", []Group{}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "123135", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "89a-0", []Group{}},
+	{`\d{3,4}`, nil, "ababab555", []Group{{6, 9}}},
+	{`\bpaint\b`, nil, "paints", []Group{}},
+	{`\b\w{5}\b`, nil, "paint", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{`[^\w]`, nil, "abcdef1230[]qq';;'", []Group{{10, 11}, {11, 12}, {14, 15}, {15, 16}, {16, 17}, {17, 18}}},
+	{`[^\W]`, nil, "abcdef1230[]qq';;'", []Group{{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {9, 10}, {12, 13}, {13, 14}}},
+	{`[\[\]]`, nil, "a[b[l]]", []Group{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}}},
 
 	// Unicode tests
-	{`.+`, "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 25}}},
-	{`a.b`, "a²b", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{`[^a]+`, "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 25}}},
+	{`.+`, nil, "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 25}}},
+	{`a.b`, nil, "a²b", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`[^a]+`, nil, "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 25}}},
 
 	// Fun experiment - AI-generated tests
-	{"(abc|def|ghi)", "abcdefg", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 6}}},
-	{"a(b|c)d", "abcd", []Group{}},
-	{"a(b|c)*d", "abcbcd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"a(b|c)+d", "abcbcd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"a(b|c)?d", "abd", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{".+", "hello world", []Group{{0, 11}}},
-	{"a.b", "aXb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"a.*b", "aXb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"a.{2,3}b", "aXXb", []Group{{0, 4}}},
-	{"a.{2,}b", "aXXXb", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"a.{0,3}b", "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"[abc]+", "abcabc", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"[a-zA-Z]+", "HelloWorld", []Group{{0, 10}}},
-	{"[^abc]+", "defghi", []Group{{0, 6}}},
-	{"^hello", "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{"world$", "hello world", []Group{{6, 11}}},
-	{`\bhello\b`, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}}},
-	{`\Bhello\B`, "hello world", []Group{}},
-	{"(hello|world)", "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {6, 11}}},
-	{"(hello|world)+", "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {6, 11}}},
-	{"(hello|world)*", "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {5, 5}, {6, 11}, {11, 11}}},
-	{"(hello|world)?", "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {5, 5}, {6, 11}, {11, 11}}},
-	{"ú.+ï", "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 22}}},
-	{"(?=hello)", "hello world", []Group{{0, 0}}},
-	{"(?!hello)", "hello world", []Group{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}}},
-	{"(?<=hello)", "hello world", []Group{{5, 5}}},
-	{"(?<!hello)", "hello world", []Group{{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}}},
-	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", "40", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", "040", []Group{}},
-	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", "400", []Group{{0, 3}}},
-	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", "4000", []Group{}},
-	{"a{1,3}", "aaaaa", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 5}}},
-	{`\\[ab\\]`, "a", []Group{}},
-	{`\\[ab\\]`, `\a`, []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"(abc|def|ghi)", nil, "abcdefg", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 6}}},
+	{"a(b|c)d", nil, "abcd", []Group{}},
+	{"a(b|c)*d", nil, "abcbcd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"a(b|c)+d", nil, "abcbcd", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"a(b|c)?d", nil, "abd", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{".+", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 11}}},
+	{"a.b", nil, "aXb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"a.*b", nil, "aXb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"a.{2,3}b", nil, "aXXb", []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{"a.{2,}b", nil, "aXXXb", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"a.{0,3}b", nil, "ab", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"[abc]+", nil, "abcabc", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"[a-zA-Z]+", nil, "HelloWorld", []Group{{0, 10}}},
+	{"[^abc]+", nil, "defghi", []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{"^hello", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{"world$", nil, "hello world", []Group{{6, 11}}},
+	{`\bhello\b`, nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{`\Bhello\B`, nil, "hello world", []Group{}},
+	{"(hello|world)", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {6, 11}}},
+	{"(hello|world)+", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {6, 11}}},
+	{"(hello|world)*", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {5, 5}, {6, 11}, {11, 11}}},
+	{"(hello|world)?", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 5}, {5, 5}, {6, 11}, {11, 11}}},
+	{"ú.+ï", nil, "úïäö´«åæïëòöê»éãçâï«úïòíñ", []Group{{0, 22}}},
+	{"(?=hello)", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{"(?!hello)", nil, "hello world", []Group{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}}},
+	{"(?<=hello)", nil, "hello world", []Group{{5, 5}}},
+	{"(?<!hello)", nil, "hello world", []Group{{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {9, 9}, {10, 10}, {11, 11}}},
+	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", nil, "40", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", nil, "040", []Group{}},
+	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", nil, "400", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{"^((3[7-9])|([4-9][0-9])|([1-9][0-9][0-9])|(1000))$", nil, "4000", []Group{}},
+	{"a{1,3}", nil, "aaaaa", []Group{{0, 3}, {3, 5}}},
+	{`\\[ab\\]`, nil, "a", []Group{}},
+	{`\\[ab\\]`, nil, `\a`, []Group{{0, 2}}},
 
 	// Lookaround tests
-	{"(?<=bo)y", "boy", []Group{{2, 3}}},
-	{"bo(?=y)", "boy", []Group{{0, 2}}},
-	{"(?<=f)f+(?=f)", "fffff", []Group{{1, 4}}},
-	{"(?<=f)f+(?=f)", "fffffa", []Group{{1, 4}}},
+	{"(?<=bo)y", nil, "boy", []Group{{2, 3}}},
+	{"bo(?=y)", nil, "boy", []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{"(?<=f)f+(?=f)", nil, "fffff", []Group{{1, 4}}},
+	{"(?<=f)f+(?=f)", nil, "fffffa", []Group{{1, 4}}},
 
 	// Test cases from Python's RE test suite
-	{`[\1]`, "\x01", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`[\1]`, nil, "\x01", []Group{{0, 1}}},
 
-	{`\0`, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{`[\0a]`, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{`[\0a]`, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{`[a\0]`, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{`[^a\0]`, "\x00", []Group{}},
+	{`\0`, nil, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`[\0a]`, nil, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`[\0a]`, nil, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`[a\0]`, nil, "\x00", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`[^a\0]`, nil, "\x00", []Group{}},
 
-	{`\a[\b]\f\n\r\t\v`, "\a\b\f\n\r\t\v", []Group{{0, 7}}},
-	{`[\a][\b][\f][\n][\r][\t][\v]`, "\a\b\f\n\r\t\v", []Group{{0, 7}}},
-	{`\u`, "", nil},
-	{`\xff`, "ÿ", []Group{{0, 1}}},
-	{`\x00ffffffffffffff`, "\xff", []Group{}},
-	{`\x00f`, "\x0f", []Group{}},
-	{`\x00fe`, "\xfe", []Group{}},
-	{`^\w+=(\\[\000-\277]|[^\n\\])*`, "SRC=eval.c g.c blah blah blah \\\\\n\tapes.c", []Group{{0, 32}}},
+	{`\a[\b]\f\n\r\t\v`, nil, "\a\b\f\n\r\t\v", []Group{{0, 7}}},
+	{`[\a][\b][\f][\n][\r][\t][\v]`, nil, "\a\b\f\n\r\t\v", []Group{{0, 7}}},
+	{`\u`, nil, "", nil},
+	{`\xff`, nil, "ÿ", []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`\x00ffffffffffffff`, nil, "\xff", []Group{}},
+	{`\x00f`, nil, "\x0f", []Group{}},
+	{`\x00fe`, nil, "\xfe", []Group{}},
+	{`^\w+=(\\[\000-\277]|[^\n\\])*`, nil, "SRC=eval.c g.c blah blah blah \\\\\n\tapes.c", []Group{{0, 32}}},
+
+	{`a.b`, nil, `acb`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a.b`, nil, "a\nb", []Group{}},
+	{`a.*b`, nil, "acc\nccb", []Group{}},
+	{`a.{4,5}b`, nil, "acc\nccb", []Group{}},
+	{`a.b`, nil, "a\rb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a.b`, []ReFlag{RE_MULTILINE}, "a\nb", []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a.*b`, []ReFlag{RE_MULTILINE}, "acc\nccb", []Group{{0, 7}}},
+	{`a.{4,5}b`, []ReFlag{RE_MULTILINE}, "acc\nccb", []Group{{0, 7}}},
+
+	{`)`, nil, ``, nil},
+	{`^$`, nil, ``, []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `xbc`, []Group{}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `axc`, []Group{}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `abx`, []Group{}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `xabcy`, []Group{{1, 4}}},
+	{`abc`, nil, `ababc`, []Group{{2, 5}}},
+	{`ab*c`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`ab*bc`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`ab*bc`, nil, `abbc`, []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`ab*bc`, nil, `abbbbc`, []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{`ab+bc`, nil, `abbc`, []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`ab+bc`, nil, `abc`, []Group{}},
+	{`ab+bc`, nil, `abq`, []Group{}},
+	{`ab+bc`, nil, `abbbbc`, []Group{{0, 6}}},
+	{`ab?bc`, nil, `abbc`, []Group{{0, 4}}},
+	{`ab?bc`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`ab?bc`, nil, `abbbbc`, []Group{}},
+	{`ab?c`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`^abc$`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`^abc$`, nil, `abcc`, []Group{}},
+	{`^abc`, nil, `abcc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`^abc$`, nil, `aabc`, []Group{}},
+	{`abc$`, nil, `aabc`, []Group{{1, 4}}},
+	{`^`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 0}}},
+	{`$`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{3, 3}}},
+	{`a.c`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a.c`, nil, `axc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a.*c`, nil, `axyzc`, []Group{{0, 5}}},
+	{`a.*c`, nil, `axyzd`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[bc]d`, nil, `abc`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[bc]d`, nil, `abd`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[b-d]e`, nil, `abd`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[b-d]e`, nil, `ace`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[b-d]`, nil, `aac`, []Group{{1, 3}}},
+	{`a[-b]`, nil, `a-`, []Group{{0, 2}}}, // If a character class has a hyphen without a start or end character, it is treated as a literal hyphen
+	{`a[\-b]`, nil, `a-`, []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{`a[b-]`, nil, `a-`, []Group{{0, 2}}}, // If a character class has a hyphen without a start or end character, it is treated as a literal hyphen
+
+	{`a[]b`, nil, `-`, nil},
+	{`a[`, nil, `-`, nil},
+	{`a\`, nil, `-`, nil},
+	{`abc)`, nil, `-`, nil},
+	{`(abc`, nil, `-`, nil},
+	{`a]`, nil, `a]`, []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{`a[]]b`, nil, `a]b`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[\]]b`, nil, `a]b`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[^bc]d`, nil, `aed`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[^bc]d`, nil, `abd`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[^-b]c`, nil, `adc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`a[^-b]c`, nil, `a-c`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[^]b]c`, nil, `a]c`, []Group{}},
+	{`a[^]b]c`, nil, `adc`, []Group{{0, 3}}},
+	{`\ba\b`, nil, `a-`, []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`\ba\b`, nil, `-a`, []Group{{1, 2}}},
+	{`\ba\b`, nil, `-a-`, []Group{{1, 2}}},
+	{`\by\b`, nil, `xy`, []Group{}},
+	{`\by\b`, nil, `yz`, []Group{}},
+	{`\by\b`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{}},
+	{`x\b`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{}},
+	{`x\B`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`\Bz`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{{2, 3}}},
+	{`z\B`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{}},
+	{`\Bx`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{}},
+	{`\Ba\B`, nil, `a-`, []Group{}},
+	{`\Ba\B`, nil, `-a`, []Group{}},
+	{`\Ba\B`, nil, `-a-`, []Group{}},
+	{`\By\B`, nil, `xy`, []Group{}},
+	{`\By\B`, nil, `yz`, []Group{}},
+	{`\By\b`, nil, `xy`, []Group{{1, 2}}},
+	{`\by\B`, nil, `yz`, []Group{{0, 1}}},
+	{`\By\B`, nil, `xyz`, []Group{{1, 2}}},
+	{`ab|cd`, nil, `abc`, []Group{{0, 2}}},
+	{`ab|cd`, nil, `abcd`, []Group{{0, 2}, {2, 4}}},
 
 	// Todo - add numeric range tests
 }
 
 var groupTests = []struct {
 	re     string
+	flags  []ReFlag
 	str    string
 	result []Match
 }{
-	{"(a)(b)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}}}},
-	{"((a))(b)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}}}},
-	{"(0)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{}}},
-	{"(a)b", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}}}},
-	{"a(b)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {1, 2}}}},
-	{"(a|b)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{1, 2}, {1, 2}}}},
-	{"(a)|(b)", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}, {-1, -1}}, []Group{{1, 2}, {-1, -1}, {1, 2}}}},
-	{"(a+)(a)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 3}, {3, 4}}}},
-	{"(a+)|(a)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
-	{"(a+)(aa)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 2}, {2, 4}}}},
-	{"(aaaa)|(aaaa)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
-	{"(aaa)|(aaaa)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {-1, -1}, {0, 4}}}},
-	{"(aaa)|(aaaa)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {-1, -1}, {0, 4}}}},
-	{"(aaaa)|(aaa)", "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
-	{"(a)|(aa)", "aa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {-1, -1}, {0, 2}}}},
-	{"(a?)a?", "b", []Match{[]Group{{0, 0}, {0, 0}}, []Group{{1, 1}, {1, 1}}}},
-	{"(a?)a?", "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{1, 1}, {1, 1}}, []Group{{2, 2}, {2, 2}}}},
-	{"(a?)a?", "aa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{2, 2}, {2, 2}}}},
-	{"a((b.d){3})", "abfdbhdbid", []Match{[]Group{{0, 10}, {1, 10}, {7, 10}}}},
-	{`(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)\071`, `abcdefghijkl9`, []Match{[]Group{{0, 13}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {9, 10}, {10, 11}, {11, 12}}}},
+	{"(a)(b)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}}}},
+	{"((a))(b)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}}}},
+	{"(0)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{}}},
+	{"(a)b", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}}}},
+	{"a(b)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {1, 2}}}},
+	{"(a|b)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{1, 2}, {1, 2}}}},
+	{"(a)|(b)", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}, {-1, -1}}, []Group{{1, 2}, {-1, -1}, {1, 2}}}},
+	{"(a+)(a)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 3}, {3, 4}}}},
+	{"(a+)|(a)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
+	{"(a+)(aa)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 2}, {2, 4}}}},
+	{"(aaaa)|(aaaa)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
+	{"(aaa)|(aaaa)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {-1, -1}, {0, 4}}}},
+	{"(aaa)|(aaaa)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {-1, -1}, {0, 4}}}},
+	{"(aaaa)|(aaa)", nil, "aaaa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 4}, {0, 4}, {-1, -1}}}},
+	{"(a)|(aa)", nil, "aa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {-1, -1}, {0, 2}}}},
+	{"(a?)a?", nil, "b", []Match{[]Group{{0, 0}, {0, 0}}, []Group{{1, 1}, {1, 1}}}},
+	{"(a?)a?", nil, "ab", []Match{[]Group{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{1, 1}, {1, 1}}, []Group{{2, 2}, {2, 2}}}},
+	{"(a?)a?", nil, "aa", []Match{[]Group{{0, 2}, {0, 1}}, []Group{{2, 2}, {2, 2}}}},
+	{"a((b.d){3})", nil, "abfdbhdbid", []Match{[]Group{{0, 10}, {1, 10}, {7, 10}}}},
+	{`(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)\071`, nil, `abcdefghijkl9`, []Match{[]Group{{0, 13}, {0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {7, 8}, {8, 9}, {9, 10}, {10, 11}, {11, 12}}}},
+	{`()ef`, nil, `def`, []Match{[]Group{{1, 3}, {1, 1}}}},
+	{`(?:)ef`, nil, `def`, []Match{[]Group{{1, 3}}}},
+	{`(?:)`, nil, `def`, []Match{[]Group{{0, 0}}, []Group{{1, 1}}, []Group{{2, 2}}, []Group{{3, 3}}}},
 }
 
 func TestFindAllMatches(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range reTests {
 		t.Run(test.re+"	"+test.str, func(t *testing.T) {
-			regComp, err := Compile(test.re)
+			regComp, err := Compile(test.re, test.flags...)
 			if err != nil {
 				if test.result != nil {
-					panic(err)
+					panic(fmt.Errorf("Test Error: %v", err))
 				}
 			} else {
 				matchIndices := FindAllMatches(regComp, test.str)
@@ -234,7 +325,7 @@ func TestFindAllMatches(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFindString(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range reTests {
 		t.Run(test.re+"	"+test.str, func(t *testing.T) {
-			regComp, err := Compile(test.re)
+			regComp, err := Compile(test.re, test.flags...)
 			if err != nil {
 				if test.result != nil {
 					panic(err)
@@ -259,7 +350,7 @@ func TestFindString(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFindAllGroups(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range groupTests {
 		t.Run(test.re+"	"+test.str, func(t *testing.T) {
-			regComp, err := Compile(test.re)
+			regComp, err := Compile(test.re, test.flags...)
 			if err != nil {
 				if test.result != nil {
 					panic(err)